Give the outstanding contributions of these philosophers to education.
1.Socrates 5.John Dewey
2.Plato 6.Maria Montessori
3.Aristotle
4.Thomas Aquinas
1.Socrates
ReplyDelete- The Socratic method : Problem Centered(the dialectic begins with a problem which must be analyzed), Based Upon Student Experience (the student responds on the basis of his own knowledge and experience), Critical Thinking (he student is held responsible for his statements. The teacher analyzes some of the possible consequences of the student's remarks. The emphasis is upon the thinking processes of the student, who must think for himself and accept the consequences of his logic.) , Teaching Is a Drawing Forth Rather Than a Telling (in the Socratic method the teacher does not tell the student the proper answer. He draws from the student the probable answer), Learning Is Discovery (the student learns when he discovers the true generalization through his reasoning processes)
2.Plato
- Education would be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, and music and art, which he considered the highest form of endeavor. He builds on this by insisting that those suitably gifted are to be trained by the state so that they may be qualified to assume the role of a ruling class. What this establishes is essentially a system of selective public education premised on the assumption that an educated minority of the population are, by virtue of their education (and inborn educability), sufficient for healthy governance.
3.Aristotle
- Aristotle placed habit high in the learning process. Man learns by nature, by habit, and by reason
- The subject material must train the future rulers in the use of reason. Future rulers must learn obedience and responsibility before they rule. We may infer from the curriculum of the Academy that the following subjects would be taught:
a. Basics. These would include reading, writing and mathematics (not for purposes of trade, but as a preparation for the intellectual abstractions of higher mathematics).
b. Natural Sciences. Aristotle emphasized the natural sciences of astronomy, biology, physiology, zoology, chemistry and physics.
c. Physical Education. The training of the body is important to the physical well-being of every citizen.
d. Humanities. Rhetoric, grammar, poetry, politics and philosophy would be important subjects. During the early education of the child, Aristotle would have the state legislature censor the material which would be read by children.
4.Thomas Aquinas
- The goals of education are to teach man issues which are worthwhile through knowledge of different subjects. The use of logic will be used to teach man scientific knowledge, mathematics, natural philosophy, and metaphysics. he teacher often points out issues which the pupil had not thought of and shows the relationship between concepts which the pupil would not have noticed without the teacher pointing them out. Aquinas stresses that teachers are only for helping the student know. The student must digest the knowledge. Otherwise, it is like pouring water into a sieve
5.John Dewey
- believed that learning was active and schooling unnecessarily long and restrictive. His idea was that children came to school to do things and live in a community which gave them real, guided experiences which fostered their capacity to contribute to society. For example, Dewey believed that students should be involved in real-life tasks and challenges
6.Maria Montessori
- Montessori education is fundamentally a model of human development, and an educational approach based on that model. The model has two basic elements. First, children and developing adults engage in psychological self-construction by means of interaction with their environments. Second, children, especially under the age of six, have an innate path of psychological development. Based on her observations, Montessori believed that children at liberty to choose and act freely within an environment prepared according to her model would act spontaneously for optimal development.
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ReplyDelete1.Socrates
ReplyDelete- The contributions of Socrates to education were the TEACHING METHOD:
Problem Centered: The method of solving an argument begins with analyzing the problem.
Based Upon Student Experience: The student responds on the basis of his own knowledge and experience.
Critical Thinking: The emphasis is upon the thinking processes of the student, who must think for himself and accept the consequences of his logic.
Teaching Is a Drawing Forth Rather Than a Telling: Draw the probable answer from the student
Learning Is Discovery: The student learns when he discovers the true generalization through his reasoning processes.
2.Plato
- EDUCATION FOR ALL,STATE EDUCATION,AIM OF EDUCATION( Civil Servants, Rulers, Warriors, Workers, Social Disposition ), ORGANIZATION AND CURRICULUM.( Elementary, Military Training, Higher Education ), TEACHING METHOD ( making learning as close to play as possible on the elementary levels. Upon the higher levels of education, the student',s reason would be trained in the processes of thinking and abstracting )
3. Aristotle
- Technical Skills - play, physical activity, moral and physical education - gymnastic training or physical ed; music; Liberal ed. - reading and writing; ages 15 to 21 -mathematics, geometry, astronomy, grammar, literature, poetry, rhetoric, ethics, and politics; age 21 - theoretical subjects - physics, cosmology, biology, psychology, logic, and metaphysics
4. Thomas Aquinas
- The Summa Theologiae. Learning is to get scientific knowledge from another. This leads to sure knowledge, which is called science. This is most evident in the mathematical sciences.Along with acquiring knowledge with the aid of the teacher, he can also acquire knowledge by applying his mind by which he knows the first principles of all knowledge. The teacher often points out issues which the pupil had not thought of and shows the relationship between concepts which the pupil would not have noticed without the teacher pointing them out. Aquinas stresses that teachers are only for helping the student know. The student must digest the knowledge. Otherwise, it is like pouring water into a sieve.
5. John Dewey
- believed that learning was active and schooling unnecessarily long and restrictive. His idea was that children came to school to do things and live in a community which gave them real, guided experiences which fostered their capacity to contribute to society. For example, Dewey believed that students should be involved in real-life tasks and challenges. Dewey's education philosophy helped forward the "progressive education" movement, and spawned the development of "experiential education" programs and experiments.
6. Maria Montessori
-The Montessori Method is a child-centred alternative educational system developed by Maria Montessori. It is designed to aid children in the development of intelligence and independence. She brought the scientific methods of observation, experimentation, and research to the study of children, their development and education.
1. SOCRATES
ReplyDeleteThe Socratic method offers the following advantages to teaching act:
a. Problem Centered. The dialectic begins with a problem which must be analyzed, e.g. "What is your opinion about the nature of justice?"
b. Based Upon Student Experience. The student responds on the basis of his own knowledge and experience.
c. Critical Thinking. The student is held responsible for his statements. The teacher analyzes some of the possible consequences of the student's remarks. The emphasis is upon the thinking processes of the student, who must think for himself and accept the consequences of his logic.
d. Teaching Is a Drawing Forth Rather Than a Telling. In the Socratic method the teacher does not tell the student the proper answer. He draws from the student the probable answer.
e. Learning Is Discovery. The student learns when he discovers the true generalization through his reasoning processes.
2.PLATO
-Plato's educational philosophy was grounded in his vision of the ideal Republic, wherein the individual was best served by being subordinated to a just society. He advocated removing children from their mothers' care and raising them as wards of the state, with great care being taken to differentiate children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. Education would be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, and music and art, which he considered the highest form of endeavor.
3.ARISTOTLE
-Aristotle placed great emphasis on balancing the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught. Subjects he explicitly mentions as being important included reading, writing and mathematics; music; physical education; literature and history; and a wide range of sciences. He also mentioned the importance of play.
One of education's primary missions for Aristotle, perhaps its most important, was to produce good and virtuous citizens for the polis.
4.Thomas Aquinas
-The goals of education are to teach man issues which are worthwhile through knowledge of different subjects. The use of logic will be used to teach man scientific knowledge, mathematics, natural philosophy, and metaphysics.
The belief of religious faith is also important so that man can achieve everlasting life with God.
5.John Dewey
-Dewey stated that in its broadest sense education is the means of the "social continuity of life" given the "primary ineluctable facts of the birth and death of each one of the constituent members in a social group". Education is therefore a necessity, for "the life of the group goes on."Dewey was a proponent of Educational Progressivism and was a relentless campaigner for reform of education, pointing out that the authoritarian, strict, pre-ordained knowledge approach of modern traditional education was too concerned with delivering knowledge, and not enough with understanding students' actual experiences
6.Maria Montessori
-Montessori method of education of children from birth to adolescence. Her educational method is in use today in a number of public as well as private schools throughout the world.
1. Socrates ( 469-399 BC)
ReplyDeleteSocrates’ outstanding contributions to education is more on Education by Self-Examination, Teacher as Role-Model and Dialogue , particularly he believes in the following:
1.1. Liberal education - Socrates stimulates the mind of the learner and let them discover ideas and the truth that is within the person’s consciousness. He believed that knowledge could not be transferred from teacher to students, instead, he believed that true knowledge were present within a person but buried within the person’s mind.
1.2. Moral Excellence – Socrates believes that a person should live by the ethical principles and that each individual should be moral, live wisely and act with a good reason.
1.3. Socratic Method - Socrates let his students engage in discussion and dialogue and let them use their critical thinking to explore basic concepts. He asked leading questions to students to stimulate the students mind and reflect on the meaning of life, truth, religion, politics, morality and justice.
2. Plato (427 – 346 BC)
Plato’s’ outstanding contributions to education is more on Eternal Truths and Values, Sorting of students based on intellectual abilities, particularly he believes in the following:
2.1. “Reminiscence” as the theory of knowledge – Plato described knowledge as the process of recall on the ideas present in their mind. He believed that even before a person is born, the soul of a person already has ideas, source of truth and knowledge and the person rediscovers or recollect these ideas as one lives.
2.2. “Plato’s Republic” as the ideal society – The republic as he described is a society with three classifications of member: a) philosopher kings; b) auxiliaries/ military / civil servants; c) workers. The ability of the person to think or ones intellectual ability will determine the class he belongs to. Once classified, the person will further receive trainings on this field such as leadership for philosopher kings, courage for the military, and farming and artisan for workers. These persons are expected to perform their functions for a harmonious society.
2.3. Women’s Education – Plato believed that women has the same intellectual ability which men possess and therefore they must be given the same education and training, and become active members of the society.
2.4. Plato’s Curriculum and the Academy – Students are separated from their parents and live in state nurseries to learn moral values and so that ignorance of parents will not be passed on to the children.
a. 6-18 years old – reading, writing, literature, arithmetic, choral singing, dancing, military training,
b. 18-20 years old – higher education is provided; students pursue intensive physical and military
training
c. 30 years old – further training is based on their classification:
o philosopher kings – abstract, mathematics, geometry, astronomy, music and science
o civil servants – metaphysics, principles
3. Aristotle ( 384-322 BC)
ReplyDeleteAristotle’s’ outstanding contributions to education is more on Cultivation of Rationality and Vocational Education, and has influence in western and mediieval scholastic education particularly he believes in the following:
3.1. Lyceum, school of Athenian philosophical school – wrote on physics, astronomy, zoology, botany, logic, ethics and metaphysics
3.2. Nicomachean Ethics – value of leading an integrated and harmonious life that took a middle moderate course, avoiding extremes.
3.3. Objective reality – in contrast with Plato, Aristotle believes that reality exists objectivity and abstract, which means that better and higher learning is more than what is felt by the sense.
3.4. Sensation as the root of knowledge – knowledge begins with the senses and deeper understanding of a concept occurs by abstraction.
3.5. Rationality – Knowing how education can help an individual to be a good and socially just citizen. Teachers should have mastery of the subject matter.
3.6. Aristotle’s Curriculum – Compulsory schooling was recommended, and that subject-matter curriculum based on scholarly and scientific disciplines.
a. Infant schooling – play, physical activity, heroic and moral studies
b. Children (7-14 y/o)– reading, writing and arithmetic morality, music, gymnastics
c. Adolescence (15-21 y/o) – mathematics, geometry, astronomy, grammar, literature, poetry, rhetoric, ethics and politics.
d. Adult (21 y/o above) – physics, cosmology, biology, psychology, logic and metaphysics
3.7. Women are inferior to men – women are trained to perform household and child-rearing duties for their role as wives and mothers.
4. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
ReplyDeleteAquinas’ outstanding contributions to education are more on Scholastic Education (Theology) and teacher as moral agent,, particularly he believes in the following:
4.1. Scholasticism – developed theology (religion) and philosophy (reasoning) combined education
4.2. Theology – links Christian’s doctrine with that of Aristotle’s philosophy
4.3. Subject-matter discipline – formal education such as logic, math, philosophy and theology subjects are taught by the religious (priest and nuns) , but aside from teachers, Aquinas’ recognized the informal education given by family and friends.
5. John Dewey ( 1859-1952)
Dewey’s outstanding contributions to education are more on Learning through experience, particularly he believes in the following:
5.1 Laboratory school – Dewey believes that children are eager to explore the environment and that they are faced with many personal and social problems which they should learn how to solve by using their intelligence.
5.2. Scientific Method – involves the identification of a problem that interest them, reading, research and discussion to acquire information, construction of possible solutions and try to see if it really solves the problem.
6. Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
ReplyDeleteMontessori’s outstanding contributions to education are more on Prepared environment that stimulates the development of a child, particularly he believes in the following:
a. Sensitive periods/Phases of development – identifying period when children are ready to work with materials that are useful in sensory, motor and cognitive learning.
b. Children are capable of sustained self-directed work in learning a particular skill.
c. School is part of the community and parents must participate in learning and support learning.
d. Teachers must use materials, activities and methods in a prepared environment which they can eventually use in practical life.
e. Curriculum – Practical, Sensory and Formal skills and studies
SOCRATES - introduced scientific method.A step by step process that includes identifying the problem, creating hypothesis, experimentation and up to creating conclusion.
ReplyDeletePLATO - to what i have read, Plato believed that the interests of the state are best preserved if children are raised and educated by the society as a whole, rather than by their biological parents.Also, to have same treatment for men and women of the right for education. before, it was men who only got to be educated.
ARISTOTLE - It seems Aristotle contributed the study of logic and physics.
THOMAS AQUINAS - He contributed the theological way of teaching. Another important element in Aquinas's philosophy is his theory of analogy. Aquinas noted three forms of descriptive language: univocal, analogical, and equivocal.
Univocality is the use of a descriptor in the same sense when applied to two objects or groups of objects. For instance, when the word "milk" is applied both to milk produced by cows and by any other female mammal.
Analogy, occurs when a descriptor changes some but not all of its meaning. For example, the word "healthy" is analogical in that it applies both to a healthy person or animal (those that enjoy of good health) and to some food or drink (if it is good for the health). Analogy is necessary when talking about God, for some of the aspects of the divine nature are hidden (Deus absconditus) and others revealed (Deus revelatus) to finite human minds. In Aquinas's mind, we can know about God through his creation (general revelation), but only in an analogous manner. We can speak of God's goodness only by understanding that goodness as applied to humans is similar to, but not identical with, the goodness of God.
Equivocation is the complete change in meaning of the descriptor and is an informal fallacy. For example, when the word "bank" is applied to river banks and financial banks. Modern philosophers talk of ambiguity.
JOHN DEWEY - was more into modern style of teaching. He believed that learning was active and schooling unnecessarily long and restrictive. He encouraged the schooling should be more of activities that students can apply into everyday life rather than pure textbook knowledge. I think he is more on the technical part of education.
MARIA MONTESSORI - Montessori's scientific observations of children's almost effortless ability to absorb knowledge from their surroundings, as well as their tireless interest in manipulating materials. Every piece of equipment, every exercise, every method she developed was based on what she observed children to do "naturally," by themselves, unassisted by adults. Children teach themselves, that's what she noticed and so I believe she contributed the play and learn kind of education to young children.
Give the outstanding contributions of these philosophers to education.
ReplyDelete1. SOCRATES-Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of "elenchus", which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek.
2. PLATO-Plato contributed a lot in the form of ideas and it inspired his follower to find new ways for education and training of the children. In fact Plato himself did not contribute directly to science and mathematics but he stress on these subjects, his philosophy of education influenced the developments of these subjects in centuries to come.
3.ARISTOTLE-Cultivation of Rationality and Vocational Education, and has influence in western and mediieval scholastic education
4.THOMAS AQUINAS-contributed the theological way of teaching. Another important element in Aquinas's philosophy is his theory of analogy. Aquinas noted three forms of descriptive language: univocal, analogical, and equivocal.
5.JOHN DEWEY-Dewey stated that in its broadest sense education is the means of the "social continuity of life" given the "primary ineluctable facts of the birth and death of each one of the constituent members in a social group". Education is therefore a necessity, for "the life of the group goes on."Dewey was a proponent of Educational Progressivism and was a relentless campaigner for reform of education, pointing out that the authoritarian, strict, pre-ordained knowledge approach of modern traditional education was too concerned with delivering knowledge, and not enough with understanding students' actual experiences
6.MARIA MONTESSORI-Montessori's scientific observations of children's almost effortless ability to absorb knowledge from their surroundings, as well as their tireless interest in manipulating materials. Every piece of equipment, every exercise, every method she developed was based on what she observed children to do "naturally," by themselves, unassisted by adults. Children teach themselves, that's what she noticed and so I believe she contributed the play and learn kind of education to young children.
Contribution to education:
ReplyDeleteSocrates: He influence students of morals and ethics. Socrates lived by his principles, even though it ultimately cost him his life. Another is the concept of Socratic method, where teachers are also using in the classroom. This method is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. Lastly, his influence can be shown by the necessity of doing what one thinks is right even in the face of universal opposition, and the need to pursue knowledge even when opposed.
Plato: Education should be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, and music and art, which he considered the highest form of endeavor. Plato believed that talent was distributed non-genetically and thus must be found in children born in any social class. He added that gifted students are to be trained by the state so that they may be qualified to rule the society. What this establishes is essentially a system of selective public education premised on the assumption that an educated minority of the population are, by virtue of their education (and inborn educability), sufficient for healthy governance.
Aristotle: Aristotle believed that education was central - the fulfilled person was an educated person. The teacher has to have a deep concern for the ethical and political and should act to work for that which is good or 'right', rather than that which is merely 'correct'. He placed a strong emphasis on all round and 'balanced' development and learning by doing. Play, physical training, music, debate, and the study of science and philosophy were to all have their place in the forming of body, mind and soul.
Thomas Aquinas: Aquinas believed that knowledge and skills worthwhile learning include the study of logic, which teaches the methods of the sciences, mathematics, natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and divine science. The goals of education are to teach man issues which are worthwhile through knowledge of different subjects. The belief of religious faith is also important so that man can achieve everlasting life with God. In teaching, one should not overwhelm the student with many useless questions, but rather with ones, which are primary and fundamental. Students should be given a clear knowledge of the issues. Failure to follow this direction results in graduates receiving a little bit of everything and knowledge of nothing.
John Dewey: Dewey believed that education must engage and experience by the learner. He is also one of the believers of informal education practice. He helped popularize the teaching of evolution. His emphasis placed on the broadening of intellect and development of problem solving and critical thinking skills, rather than simply the memorization of lessons (progressive education).
Maria Montessori: Her main contributions in education can be found in the following: preparing the most natural and life-supporting environments for the child; observing the child living freely in this environment and continually adapting the environment in order that the child may fulfill his or her greatest potential, physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. She placed emphasis on individual and hands-on activity and teacher as facilitator.
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